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| ASPE LIFETIME ACHIEVEMENT AWARDS |
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Lifetime Achievement AwardsThe ASPE Lifetime Achievement Award is presented to individuals who have made significant contributions to the field of Precision Engineering. To nominate someone for the award, please contact a member of the ASPE Board of Directors. |
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| 2007 - E. Clayton Teague 2006 - David H. Youden 2005 - P. Donald Brehm 2004 - Ted J. Arneson and John H. Bruning 2003 - Gary Sommargren 2002 - Horst Kunzmann and David J. Whitehouse 2001 - E. Raymond McClure 2000 - Robert Hocken 1999 - George Tlusty 1998 - Patrick A. McKeown 1997 - Paul F. Forman and Sol Laufer and Carl A. Zanoni 1996 - Robert S. Hahn |
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1995 - Harold E. G. Arneson and Robert R. Donaldson 1994 - Daniel B. De Bra 1993 - Norio Taniguichi 1992 - Calvin F. Quate 1991 - James B. Bryan 1990 - Reginald V. Jones 1989 - Russell D. Young 1988 - Milton C. Shaw 1987 - Erwin G. Loewen 1986 - Richard F. Moore
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2006 Lifetime Achievement Award
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E.Clayton TeagueClayton earned B.S.and M.S.degrees in physics from the Georgia Institute of Technology and a PhD, also in physics, from the University of North Texas.Hisdoctoral work was completed at the National Bureau of Standards (now theNational Institute of Standards and Technology), which Clayton joined in 1972. Clayton’s PhD thesis on metal-vacuum-metal electron tunneling was ground-breaking work, demonstrating for the first time several basic phenomena thatunderlie the present widespread use of scanning tunneling microscopes. His thesis provided some important physical concepts that lead to the realization of atomic resolution via the Scanning Tunneling Microscope for which G.Binnigand H.Rohrer received the 1986 Nobel Prize. At NBS/NIST, Clayton made major contributions to surface microtopography measurement, including the development of a new series of sinusoidal profile roughness artifacts, available today as NIST Standard Reference Materials. He also developed new experimental and theoretical techniques for the measurement of surface roughness using light scattering. Clayton’s long interest in, and deep understanding of, the fundamental concepts that underlie the design of precision instruments culminated in the building of the NIST Molecular Measuring Machine. This machine has demonstrated the ability to image atoms and to reposition and measure coordinate positions to nanometer-scale uncertainties over areas of square centimeters - a combination of capabilities achieved by few other instruments in the world. During his years at NBS/NIST, Clayton assumed positions of increasing technical leadership andresponsibility, serving as Group Leader in Nanoscale Metrology and subsequently as Chief of the Manufacturing Metrology Division in the Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory. His technical efforts in nanoscale science and technology, precision engineering and surface metrology have resulted in more than 70 authored or co-authored papers, over 75 invited talks, and 12 keynote lectures. In 2003, Clayton Teague was appointed as the Director of the National Nanotechnology Coordination Office (NNCO).The NNCO provides technical and administrative support to the Nanoscale Science Engineering and Technology Subcommittee and serves as the point of contact on Federal nanotechnology activities for regional, state and local nanotechnology initiatives, government organizations, academia, industry, professional societies and others. Clayton Teague is a Charter Member of ASPE and played a leading role in the founding of the Society in 1985. He served as first Chairman of the Board of Directors and later served a term as President. He was instrumental in the development of ASPE’s Annual Meeting tutorial series and for many years taught a highly-successful, very well attended tutorial on the basic concepts of precision instrument design. For ten years Clayton was Editor-in-Chief of the international journal Nanotechnology. For this service, and for his technical contributions to the field of nanotechnology, he was elected a Fellow of the UK Institute of Physics. Among his many awards are US Department of Commerce Gold and Silver Medals and the DOC/NIST Allen V.Astin Measurement Science Award. In addition, Clayton received the Kilby International Award from the Kilby Awards Foundation, and an IR-100 Industrial Research and Development Award. |
| 2006 Lifetime Achievement Award
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David Youden was born on August 19, 1939 in Westerly, Rhode Island. He spent his early years disassembling a great many clocks and radios. He majored in electrical engineering at Worcester Polytechnic Institute from 1957 through 1959 and received a degree in mechanical engineering from Central New England College in 1967. After graduation he began work on an MBA at Clark University but the demands of a growing family ended those aspirations in 1970. Dave’s professional career began in 1959 when he accepted employment with the Heald Machine Company, a subsidiary of The Cincinnati Milling Machine Company. He started work as a draftsman, but quickly advanced to the position of R&D engineer where he worked under the tutelage of Doctor Robert Hahn, who introduced him to the study of hydrostatic bearings. From 1969 through 1972, while working at Heald, Dave taught Instrumentation and Solid State Electronics at Quinsigamond Community College in Worcester, Massachusetts. In 1972, during a downturn in the machine tool industry, Dave went to work for Ocean Systems, Inc. of Reston, Virginia. Ocean Systems was a start-up company in the off-shore oil industry. While there he designed and helped install large traction winches capable of one million pounds of force. These winches were used to moor tankers to buoys in the North Sea. In 1973 the machine tool industry reclaimed Dave when he accepted employment at the Cone Blanchard Machine Company in Windsor, Vermont. Beginning as a Research Engineer, Dave advanced through a number of positions in engineering management, eventually becoming Director of Engineering. In the early ‘80s Dave met Frank Cooke, who described methods of using Blanchard grinders to produce spherical optics. It was at this point that Dave became a precision engineer. When Cone Blanchard failed in 1984 Dave went to work for Don Brehm at Pnemo Precision in Keene, NH. Shortly after joining Pneumo, he met Jim Bryan and formed a lasting friendship. Between 1984 and 1994 Dave was responsible for the design of a number of notable diamond turning and flycutting machines including the ASG 2500, The Planoform 1000, and the Nanoform 600. During that period Pneumo Precision became Rank Pneumo, and then Taylor Hobson Pneumo. In 1994 Dave relocated to Raleigh, NC where he assumed the title of Director of Advanced Technology for Pneumo, and simultaneously became an Adjunct Professor in the Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department at NCSU. In 1997 Dave changed jobs again, becoming an Applied Research Engineer with the Eastman Kodak Company. Continuing to operate from an office at NCSU, Dave developed a number of precision machines, including a small coordinate measuring machine that is currently at UNC Charlotte. In 2005 Dave retired from Kodak to turn his attention to more personal matters including an interest in seismology. This respite from the commercial world did not last for long, as there was pressure on Dave to resume his career. In response, he accepted a position as Senior Engineer with Olympic Precision, Inc. of Windsor, VT. Dave, at this time, continues to design ultra-precise machine tools and metrology equipment. He also plans to pass on some of his knowledge by mentoring young engineers and teaching a series of short courses in precision engineering. |
2005 Lifetime Achievement Award
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Don Brehm is well known for his role in the commercialization of precision engineering equipment and diamond turning machines in particular. Throughout his career, he has been instrumental in the conversion of leading-edge precision technologies to widely available commercial metrology and fabrication equipment. Don received the BSME degree from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1957. He joined Pratt & Whitney Aircraft as a test engineer. He later moved to the MPB Corporation (now part of Timken) where he worked as a quality control and R&D engineer. His ideas about making more robust air bearings led him to found Pneumo Precision in 1962. Pneumo developed the Pneumo-Centric line of air bearing metrology products and the first commercial air bearing diamond turning machining equipment including the MSG-325 CNC diamond turning machine for aspheric optics turning. Don participated in early efforts to promote and commercialize the diamond turning process for optics. In the late 80’s Don founded Precitech with the goal of developing and marketing lower cost, high performance CNC diamond turning machines to broaden the customer base. Precitech successfully pioneered the use of PC controls, linear scales, linear motors, and on-machine metrology in commercial diamond turning machines. More recently, Don co-founded Accura Technics in 2001. Accura develops and manufactures hydrostatic spindles, CNC grinding systems and innovative multitasking systems for the ultra precision production of mechanical and optical components. Over the span of his career, Don’s innovation and entrepreneurship have had a significant impact on his local community, on the wider precision engineering community, and on the careers of many precision engineers and craftsmen. Don currently works at Accura Technics in Keene, NH and lives in Spofford, NH with his wife Jill. |
2004 Lifetime Achievement Award
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2004 Lifetime Achievement Award
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The 2004 ASPE Lifetime Achievement Award is presented to Dr. John H. Bruning in recognition of his many contributions to the art and science of precision engineering. John Bruning has been involved in advancing the state-of the-art of photolithography and has contributed significantly to many of the key events in the history of this key technology. John Bruning received a bachelor's degree from Penn State University and a master's and doctorate from the University of Illinois, all in electrical engineering. His doctoral work, completed in 1969 dealt with multiple scattering of electromagnetic and acoustic waves by spheres. Upon graduation, John started at Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill as a member of the technical staff in the optical group. Early work involved the development of high accuracy interferometry for testing precision optical surfaces and lenses. Out of this work came a fundamentally new approach to interferometry known as phase measuring interferometry (PMI), which is the basis of most modern digital interferometers. This development has enabled 10-100 times greater accuracy in manufactured lens components for optical lithography and other precision optics applications. From 1973-1979 he supervised several groups involved in developing mask inspection systems for photolithography and the exploration of new packaging techniques for integrated circuits and reliability testing methods for these new packaging systems. From 1979 to 1984, he directed several activities within the New Lithographic Systems Group including the mechanical design of EBES-IV, an advanced e-beam mask pattern generator. He initiated and managed the Bell Labs Deep-UV Photolithography Program working with Tropel as optics supplier and authored the fundamental patent for line-narrowed excimer laser photolithography. During this period, he was also involved in optical thin-film filter design, design of uniformers and diffusers, alignment systems and optical design. In 1984, Bruning left Bell Laboratories to become vice president and general manager of Tropel, a division of GCA Corporation. In 1986, he assumed the additional responsibilities as executive vice president and chief technical officer of GCA. In 1994, Bruning led a management buyout of Tropel. Tropel was acquired by Corning Inc. in March 2001. John is currently the President and CEO of Corning Tropel where he remains involved in developing technical strategy. John has published extensively and holds 12 patents. He is a recipient of the Distinguished Alumnus Awards from both his alma maters He is a Fellow of the IEEE and the OSA and in 1993 received the OSA Richardson Medal. In 1996 he received the SEMI Award for developments in Deep-UV photolithography and was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1998. John has served President of the Society and was responsible for starting the business forum at the Annual conference. He has served as an editor for the Precision Pointers section of the Journal of the Society and is also a recipient of the Society’s Distinguished Service Award. John continues to be a strong supporter of the Society and is currently a Sustaining Member. |
| 2003 Lifetime Achievement Award |
Dr. Sommargren's accomplishments include a heterodyne profiler for measuring surface micro-roughness, displacement measuring interferometry used for precision stage positioning, and a point diffraction interferometer for the evaluation of surface figure for extreme ultra-violet optical elements. In all instances, Dr. Sommargren has pursued Angstrom-level measurements through the careful application of scientific and precision engineering principles. Dr. Sommargren has been a quiet but outstanding contributor to precision optical metrology throughout his career. |
| 2002 Lifetime Achievement Award
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Horst KunzmannHorst Kunzmann has made major contributions to the discipline of precision engineering both inside his own country and internationally. He joined the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt in 1966 in the “Line Scale Metrology” section and has never lost his love for ultra-precision measurement and the practical realization of the meter which is central to precision engineering. While at PTB he earned his Dr.-Ing. Degree from the Technical University of Hanover in 1971. His promotions within this outstanding national laboratory were impressive. He became Head of Division in 1985 and created “Precision Engineering” at PTB leading three departments, Micrometrology, Dimensional Metrology, and Measuring Instruments Technology. In the early ‘90s he spearheaded the efforts to integrate the then “East German” precision engineering efforts into a national whole, an effort that was successful due to his personal and managerial skills. He is now a member of the Presidential Board of PTB and the head of PTB metrology activities for industry, the German Calibration Service and the Competence Center for Ultra-precise Surface Figure Measurement. As a leader and manager he is exemplary, but his contributions in the laboratory were also impressive. He led the international efforts to use lasers for metrology including straightness. Against serious opposition from those preferring the older light sources, he successfully developed and championed the use of frequency stabilized gas lasers as the practical length standard, an achievement which has dramatically altered metrology in our times. He also rebuilt the PTB program in Industrial Metrology bringing it into worldwide prominence introducing diamond turning and “factory floor” metrology. He has more than 80 publications in our discipline in subjects ranging from laser applications to coordinate metrology. He also has 10 patents in the area of precision engineering. He is a great engineer with dedication, curiosity, kindness, insight, courage, and engineering know-how, an example to us all and an extremely deserving recipient of the ASPE Lifetime Achievement Award. |
| 2002 Lifetime Achievement Award
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David J. WhitehouseDr. David Whitehouse has had a long and distinguished career as a designer of dimensional metrology instruments and the inventor of algorithms for processing data from these instruments. He holds 22 patents. He has written more than 200 technical papers and 5 books including the 1,000 page "Handbook of Surface Metrology" which is widely regarded as a classic in the field. His new book, "Handbook of Surface and Nanotechnology" (1100 pages) will be published in 2003. Dave is often referred to as the "Father of Digital Metrology." 1) He was the first to rigorously
define the mean line in the M-System of surface measurement and predict
the output of a 2RC analog filter for any surface. These algorithms are now provided as standard in all roundness and surface finish instruments produced throughout the world. Dave's present interest is the rationalization of surface parameters in accordance with the systems approach using what he calls a "function map". Dr. Whitehouse is a charter member of ASPE. He is an Active Member of CIRP, and a past President of the Committee for Surface Roughness. He is a Fellow Member of the U.K. Institute of Physics, the Institute of Measurement and Control, the Institution of Production Engineers, and the Institution of Electrical Engineers. He is an Honorary Member of The Japanese Institution of Precision Engineers and a Senior Member of the Chinese Society of Mechanical Engineers. He has received many honors throughout the world including the commemorative medallion of the Mendeleeve Institute of Metrology, Lenningrad, USSR. Dr. Whitehouse is presently an Emeritus Professor of Engineering Science at the University of Warwick, a Guest Professor at the University of Tianjin in P.R. China, and Consultant Professor at the University of Harbin, PR China. He was previously a Professor and the Chief Scientist of the Dept. of Engineering at Warwick. He had a long career at Rank Taylor Hobson in Leicester. He started as a research engineer in 1961 as the protégé of Bill Reason, and completed his career in 1978 as Chief Research Engineer. He holds a Ph.D. as well as a D.Sc. from the University of Warwick. |
| 1999 Lifetime Achievement Award | GEORGE TLUSTYProfessor George Tlusty has had a long and distinguished career as a metrologist and designer of machine tools. Beginning in Czechoslovakia in 1941, Professor Tlusty was actively involved in research on machine tool metrology. In 1959 he wrote a paper on machine tool testing that included a powerful new method for testing the Axes of Rotation errors of milling machine spindles. It uses an accurate ball attached eccentrically to the spindle with two electronic pick-ups indicating the movement of the ball in two perpendicular directions with respect to the table. When these signals are displayed on the X and Y axes of an oscilloscope, a circular pattern is created. The non-roundness of this pattern is a measure of the spindle rotational accuracy at any spindle speed. We now refer to this procedure as the Tlusty Method. Professor Tlusty is credited with much of the research on the causes of machine tool chatter. His publications on chatter date from 1954. He was one of the first to realize the critical relationship between dynamic stiffness and chatter. This work has been pivotal to the recent development in high-speed machining. He is considered one of the pioneers in this field. Professor Tlusty was director of research at VUOSO in Prague in 1963. He was the founder of the Laboratory for Machine Tools and Robots at McMaster University in Canada, and is presently the Director of the Machine Tool Research Center at the University of Florida. He is a founding member of the North American Manufacturing Research Institute of SME. He became a member of CIRP in 1957 and served as its President in 1968. He is a Fellow Member of ASME, and SME. He is fluent in six languages. Many of his students are now as famous as George. His book, Structures of Machine Tools, published in 1971, is widely regarded as a classic. His new book, Manufacturing Processes and Equipment, 1999, will undoubtedly become a classic. In 1972, while at McMaster University, George acquired one of the new Hewlett-Packard laser interferometers and carried out innovative measurements on the accuracy of large numerically controlled machine tools. This work is very well documented in the Ph.D. Thesis of Dr. Gordon Mutch, "The Accuracy of Numerically Controlled Machine Tools," published at McMaster in 1975. At the age of 74, George started his own machine tool company, Manufacturing Laboratories, Inc. MLI has recently designed and built a large, hydrostatic bearing, super stiff, one of a kind, customer proprietary, turning machine with a positioning accuracy of a few microinches. |
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| 1998 Lifetime Achievement Award
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PATRICK A. McKEOWNProfessor Patrick A. McKeown is recognized for his contributions to the development and promotion of the arts and sciences of precision engineering. Following military service in the British Royal Engineers, Pat McKeown began his technical career as a student apprentice at the Bristol Aircraft Company, England. He studied aircraft design, production engineering and industrial administration at Cranfield before joining the Societe Genevoise d'Instrumente de Physique (SIP) in 1956. At SIP he worked on a variety of high precision measuring machines, including the photoelectric line standard comparator installed at B.I.P.M. in Sevres, France. In 1965, he was appointed Technical Director of Sip's UK subsidiary, taking a responsibility for manufacture of jig borers and the design and build of other high precision specialty machines. In 1968, Pat returned to Cranfield as Chief Engineer (later Director) of the Cranfield Unit for Precision Engineering (CUPE), which became self-supporting (based on industrial contracts) within three years. He was appointed to a personal chair at Cranfield, and in 1976, launched an academic department that paralleled the activities of the industrial unit. Under Pat's leadership, CUPE expanded rapidly, developing both machine systems—such as the electronic gearbox and the CUPROC controllers—as well as a range of special-purpose high precision machine tools and measuring machines. Two subsidiary companies—Cranfield Moulded Structures (epoxy granite) and Cranfield Precision Systems (controls)—emerged before CUPE itself was transformed into Cranfield Precision Engineering, Ltd. in 1987. Throughout his career, Pat has been a tireless promoter of precision engineering principles and practice, teaching and lecturing throughout the world. He played a major role in the launch of Precision Engineering, now ASPE's journal, was instrumental in launching the International Precision Engineering Seminar Series in 1981, and is a Charter Member of ASPE. He is an active member of C.I.R.P. (The International Institution for Production Engineering Research), having served as its President in 1988, and is a Fellow of the UK Royal Academy of Engineering and a Charter Fellow of the Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME). His many honors include SME's Frederick W. Taylor Research Medal, the Order of the British Empire, and honorary doctorates from the Universities of Connecticut and Cranfield. Since his (notional) retirement in 1995, Pat McKeown has continued to teach and to promote the arts and sciences of precision engineering. Most recently, his long campaign to launch a European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology has come to fruition, with its first conference in May 1999. |
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| 1997 Lifetime Achievement Award
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PAUL F. FORMANPaul received his BS in Optics in 1956 from the University of Rochester. After a brief stint at Bausch & Lomb, he began his successful association with Perkin Elmer Company in 1957. He held various engineering, program and corporate management positions including Director of Optical Engineering. He was program manager of the retroreflector array installed by Armstrong and the Apollo 11 team during the first moon landing. Paul served as CEO and Chairman of the Zygo Corporation from its inception in 1970 until 1993, and he is currently the Chairman of the Board. |
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| 1997 Lifetime Achievement Award
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SOL LAUFERSol has been intimately associated with high precision optics during his entire working career of approximately fifty years. Early in his career, he gained valuable experience working for 12 years with Professor E. Goldberg, once the Director of the Carl Zeiss Jena works. Sol joined the Perkin Elmer Company in 1966 where he designed special purpose equipment, tools and processes for the production of large precision optical elements requiring minimal operator skills and resulting in minimum waste. At Zygo Corporation, he directed the development and implementation of fabricating processes and equipment for a large variety of precision optical components. As a result of his leadership, Zygo has gained international reputation as a for optical fabrication. |
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| 1997 Lifetime Achievement Award
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CARL A. ZANONICarl received his M.A. and Ph.D. in Physics from Princeton and held a Post Doctoral Fellowship at Wesleyan University. He began his industrial career as a staff physicist at Perkin Elmer Corporation but left in 1970 to become a founding member of Zygo Corporation. Carl's experience has been in the design and development of electro-optical instrumentation and systems for 1) industrial laser metrology, 2) terrestrial and space born stellar and solar astronomy, 3) the generation of optical surfaces using ultra precise machine tools, and 4) automatic optical polishing processes. As Vice President of R&D, his responsibilities cover all of Zygo's technical activities from design and development of surface and wavefront laser interferometer systems to the fabrication of one meter optics for laser fusion research. |
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| 1996 Lifetime Achievement Award | ROBERT S. HAHNDr. Hahn attended the University of Cincinnati under a fellowship provided by the Heald Machine Company of Worcester, Mass., and earned his doctorate in 1944. He then was made Director of Research at Heald's newly established Research Department. Bob's early technical papers, written during the 1950s, focused on grinding chatter and machine vibration and factors influencing the precision grinding process, including wheel-work conformity and thermal damage. Bob must be considered one of the world's foremost researchers, based on his uncanny ability to see a problem, analyze it theoretically, and then develop hardware to optimize the new understanding. Tuned dampers for boring bars, grinding spindles, as well as the Controlled-Force Machine for precision internal grinding, were among the inventions that resulted from his work. In the early 1970s, he foresaw the marriage of computers and machines and, almost single-handedly, developed a computer-controlled internal grinder using a Cincinnati Milacron computer and a 2CF Heald grinder. By 1973 a functioning machine was in Heald's Product Development Department operation. One measure of the success of an R&D director in a modern machine tool company might be the number of patents obtained. Bob was granted 23 patents during his Heald career. Just after World War II, he became one of the first members of the International Institution for Production Engineering Research (CIRP), an exclusive organization for research limited to 15 full members in any country. In 1980, Bob retired from Heald and established Hahn Engineering to investigate the computer/machine process, focusing on the influence of flexible internal grinding spindles on workpiece quality. Bob is respected as a wonderful teacher, coach and colleague—as analytical as a professor but as practical as an inventor. At his 80th birthday on November 1, 1996, at Hahn Engineering, Bob was excited about his new piece of hardware, introduced only that year, that prevents spindle deflection from influencing the shape of internal grinding workpieces. |
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| 1995 Lifetime Achievement Award
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HAROLD E. G. ARNESONHarold was born in Minneapolis in 1925 and studied mechanical engineering at the University of Minnesota. He served in the Air Force during World War II and, with his brother Ted, started Professional Instruments Company in 1947. The company entered the ultraprecision engineering field in 1960 by fabricating hollow spherical gyro rotors requiring microinch tolerances. Harold became convinced that hydrostatic air bearings were the optimum route to the accuracies necessary for future requirements in manufacturing and gauging. He invented the dualhemisphere spindle that became well known in applications at the Oak Ridge National Labs. To overcome the disadvantages of the hemispherical configuration, Harold improved the design and patented the BLOCK-HEAD spindle in 1969. This spindle became the most widely used ultraprecision air bearing spindle in the world and is standard equipment on Moore diamond turning machines. The BLOCK-HEAD has seen application in a wide variety of fields from basic physics research in the value of the gravitational constant to the fabrication of interocular lenses for cataract surgery. |
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| 1995 Lifetime Achievement Award
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ROBERT R. DONALDSONDr. Donaldson received his doctorate from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1965. He joined the Mechanical Engineering Department at the university of California at Berkeley in 1964 and taught mechanical design with specialization in bearings and lubrication. In 1966, he began what was to be a long and fruitful association with the University of California's Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, first as a summer employee, then as a consultant and, finally in 1970, as a full-time employee. From 1966 to 1974, he contributed original techniques to basic metrology, especially in the area of roundness measurement, and to the design of gauges and precision machining systems. In 1978, he became the leader of LLNL's Machine Tool Development Group and, simultaneously, the leader of the Large Optics Diamond Turning Machine (LODTM) project, which was completed in 1983. Bob was responsible for the design and construction of the LODTM and its operation until his retirement from the Lab in 1993. The LODTM is regarded as the world's most precise machine tool from space laser weapons to the Keck Telescope. The LODTM design process is regarded as a model for precision machine design, and the machine itself incorporates features that are still being assimilated into general practice. In 1986, Bob was elected to membership in the International Institution for Production Engineering Research (CIRP), one of the most exclusive associations for manufacturing researchers in the world. During his long career, Bob has distinguished himself by his integrity, vision, leadership, and skill as an engineer. As a friend, colleague, and coworker, he has taught many of us how to think about Precision Engineering. |
